Introduction and (perhaps) completion.

HarmfulCommunications201908.org

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   I will also address some additional concerns I believe are relevant
   to this analysis.
+** Summary
+
+   1. /Self-hosting/ is where an individual, a small group or a small
+      business manages their own online service, rather than making
+      use of a third-party service. There are self-hosting
+      alternatives to all of the major services that would be under
+      consideration for your analysis. In recent years, legislation
+      enacted out of Europe and around the world that seeks to control
+      expression online seems to regard only the large organisations,
+      and can severely inhibit innocent self-hosting activities by
+      applying additional burdens on the service operators.
+   2. Legislation and regulations that allow for user-posted material
+      to be taken offline are often abused. A regime that punishes a
+      service operator for leaving alleged infringing or illegal
+      material up but that doesn't sanction the operator for taking
+      down innocent material will result in significant infringement
+      of internet users' speech rights with no consequences for the
+      service operator or those alleging infringement or illegality.
+   3. /Content Moderation/ is the process whereby service operators
+      decide whether material can stay on the service or not. It is
+      very hard to do right, and is impossible to do it at
+      scale. Assertions that service operators are "doing nothing" are
+      wrong on the face of it and ignores the challenges involved.
+   4. It is the behaviour of users, and the decisions of users that
+      results in bullying, harassment and harmful material
+      online. Very few services, and none of the large services,
+      encourage or want their system to be used for this purpose.
+   5. Requiring that material be taken offline without regard for the
+      consequences of doing so can be dangerous. In particular, if a
+      crime has been committed, it may necessary to preserve a posting
+      in order to allow for it to be presented as evidence in court.
+   6. Encryption is not something that should be interfered with by
+      legislation. There is a wide body of expertise and experience
+      showing this to be the case. Interfering with encryption
+      services will only have no effect on those who want to use
+      encryption for illegal activities but will have a devastating
+      impact on innocent people.
+
+   I make the following recommendations in this submission:
+   1. Laws that seek to control online materials should take into
+      consideration that ability of all legal, innocent services to
+      implement required measures. Overly burdensome rules will result
+      in the loss of many valuable services while cementing the market
+      positions of the services that have the financial resources to
+      implement the rules.
+   2. Laws that seek to control online materials should punish
+      severely attempts to abuse them to stifle free expression and
+      remove innocent material.
+   3. While /self-regulation/ has a bad reputation, it is imperative
+      for legislators to examine in detail how services are dealing
+      with harmful and abusive material and to consider the challenges
+      involved.
+   4. Laws should target user behaviour more than seek to punish third
+      parties.
+   5. To protect free expression includes ensuring that material that
+      is considered illegal is made available to those who investigate
+      human rights abuses.
+
 * Self-hosting
 ** Self-hosting
    For the purposes of this submission, /self-hosting/ is where an
@@ -277,6 +335,10 @@
    service that they provide, including ensuring that it is kept
    running and updates are applied appropriately, and so on.
 
+   A list of services that can be self-hosted, and the software
+   packages that can be used for those services is available at
+   https://github.com/Kickball/awesome-selfhosted.
+
    This submission is primarily concerned about self-hosting as a
    hobby and self-hosting engaged in by charity, non-governmental or
    community organisations. However, self-hosting for commercial